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Infiltration measurement
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The objective of measuring water infiltration in the soil is to determine the necessary infiltration area to properly treat wastewater from the pit after separating mud and slag.
To achieve this, a process must be followed that involves identifying the future location of the infiltration well or field and conducting an infiltration test where water is poured, and the rate at which it filters through the soil is measured.
The measurement process of infiltration is crucial to ensure the proper design and sizing of the infiltration field, which will guarantee the efficient functioning of the wastewater treatment system and compliance with environmental regulations.
By carrying out this process, it contributes to environmental protection and water conservation by allowing proper management of wastewater and its safe reintroduction into the soil without negatively affecting nearby water resources.
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Description of the two-ring method
Description
One of the methods for determining infiltration rate is known as the "double ring infiltrometer" method. In this technique, two open cylinders of different sizes are used, and they are inserted about 10 cm into the soil concentrically, as follows:
Rings. Source: Water Infiltration Measurement in Soil, Oscar Delgadillo, Luís Pérez, Cochabamba, Bolivia, 2016.
Inside the inner cylinder, a ruler is placed to measure the water height in the center of the cylinder from the bottom:
Water Filling. Source: Water Infiltration Measurement in Soil, Oscar Delgadillo, Luís Pérez, Cochabamba, Bolivia, 2016.
Both cylinders are filled with water, and the role of the outer ring is to create its own pressure and flow, preventing the water flow in the central cylinder from spreading radially outward:
Ruler for Depth Measurement. Source: Water Infiltration Measurement in Soil, Oscar Delgadillo, Luís Pérez, Cochabamba, Bolivia, 2016.
This procedure provides a reliable way to assess the soil's infiltration rate, allowing analysis of how water penetrates the soil over time and under specific soil conditions.
It's important to keep the following in mind:
Once the rings are filled with water, the measurement should be initiated immediately. This is because water starts to seep into the soil, and conditions change as the soil becomes saturated, affecting the ongoing infiltration rate.
Once the experiment has been conducted, it cannot be repeated in the same location since the area will already be saturated with water. Therefore, new measurements should be carried out in adjacent areas that have the same soil type under study.
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Level height measurement
Description
The process begins by filling the outer ring first and then the inner ring to a depth of about 20 cm. Once the filling is complete, the recording of both time and the depth of the inner ring commences. As the water starts to be absorbed, the levels will decrease in both rings. When the depth reaches at least 10 cm, it is necessary to refill both rings. This refilling process should also be recorded.
The resulting output is a three-column list. The first column records time in "HH:MM:SS" format (with HH for hours, MM for minutes, and SS for seconds). The second column displays depths in centimeters, while the third column notes the moments when refilling was carried out. The list is structured as follows:
For example, in the specific case mentioned, the measurement was initiated at 11:07:00 with a depth of 16.5 cm. Then, after 2 minutes (at 11:09:00), a second measurement was taken, resulting in a depth of 12 cm. This process continues until 11:11, where a depth of 9 cm is noted first, followed by the refilling process, and then the new depth of 21.5 cm. This procedure continues until around 14:00 hours.
It is important to remember the following:
Refill the rings whenever the water level approaches 10 cm.
The refilling process must be performed in both rings, aiming to maintain approximately the same depth in both.
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Infiltration velocity model
Description
There are several mathematical models to describe infiltration. The Kostiakov model (Kostiakov, A.N (1932) "The Dynamics of the Coefficient of Water Percolation in Soils and the Necessity for Studying It from a Dynamic Point of View for Purpose of Amelioration." Society of Soil Science, 14, 17-21) establishes the relationship empirically in the following form:
 $ I = k t^n$ |
The exponent is approximately 0.5.
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